Judging whether or not it is my child from the picture of Shiba Inu by deep learning (2) Data increase, transfer learning, fine tuning

Step 3 Model construction / learning / results

(1) Results of learning without data augmentation

――The results of the training are shown in the graph below. There are signs of overfitting in both accuracy and loss, and there is no noticeable improvement.

(2) Application to test data (no data augmentation)

The verification results applied to the test data are as follows. Increasing the number of sample data has led to improved accuracy, and accuracy has reached about 80%. test loss: 1.7524430536416669 test acc: 0.8166666567325592

(3) Results of learning with data augmentation

Then I trained with data augmentation. The results of the training are shown in the graph below.

(4) Application to test data (with data augmentation)

Next, the verification result of the test data when the Image Generator setting is set to pad the image data is as follows (the padding conditions are the same as the settings of the previous trial, only the result display). This one has higher accuracy. test loss: 1.382319548305386 test acc: 0.8666666634877522

Step 4 Transfer learning with ImageNet model (VGG16)

This time, we will carry out transfer learning. Import the trained model (VGG16) of ImageNet, which is a typical model, from the keras library and use it. From the VGG16 model, only the trained convolution base is used to extract a versatile local feature map. By connecting a "(for Shiba Inu) my child-another child" classifier to the output, the classification accuracy will be improved.

(1) About VGG16

--VGG16 is a multi-layer neural network consisting of 13 convolution layers and 3 fully connected layers, for a total of 16 layers. The published model is trained using a large set of images called ImageNet. --Implemented in the keras.applications.vgg16 module as a Keras library.

(2) Load the model

――The following will proceed on the assumption that the data storage folder and work folder have been created in Google Drive, and the image data for analysis has been stored. (Implemented in the same analysis environment as before) --Load the VGG16 model into the variable conv_base.

#Loading VGG16
from keras.applications import VGG16

conv_base = VGG16(weights='imagenet', #Specify the type of weight(Here, specify the weight learned by Imagenet)
                  include_top=False, #Whether to include a fully coupled classifier on the output side of the NW(Since we will use our own fully connected classifier here, we will not include it.)
                  input_shape=(320, 320, 3)) #The ImageNet standard is the shape of the image tensor supplied to the NW.(224, 224 3)　(This time 320pxl*Specify 320pxl RGB image)
conv_base.summary()

The following model structure is displayed for the relevant part of the loaded VGG16.

Model: "vgg16"
_________________________________________________________________
Layer (type)                 Output Shape              Param #   
=================================================================
input_2 (InputLayer)         (None, 320, 320, 3)       0         
_________________________________________________________________
block1_conv1 (Conv2D)        (None, 320, 320, 64)      1792      
_________________________________________________________________
block1_conv2 (Conv2D)        (None, 320, 320, 64)      36928     
_________________________________________________________________
block1_pool (MaxPooling2D)   (None, 160, 160, 64)      0         
_________________________________________________________________
block2_conv1 (Conv2D)        (None, 160, 160, 128)     73856     
_________________________________________________________________
block2_conv2 (Conv2D)        (None, 160, 160, 128)     147584    
_________________________________________________________________
block2_pool (MaxPooling2D)   (None, 80, 80, 128)       0         
_________________________________________________________________
block3_conv1 (Conv2D)        (None, 80, 80, 256)       295168    
_________________________________________________________________
block3_conv2 (Conv2D)        (None, 80, 80, 256)       590080    
_________________________________________________________________
block3_conv3 (Conv2D)        (None, 80, 80, 256)       590080    
_________________________________________________________________
block3_pool (MaxPooling2D)   (None, 40, 40, 256)       0         
_________________________________________________________________
block4_conv1 (Conv2D)        (None, 40, 40, 512)       1180160   
_________________________________________________________________
block4_conv2 (Conv2D)        (None, 40, 40, 512)       2359808   
_________________________________________________________________
block4_conv3 (Conv2D)        (None, 40, 40, 512)       2359808   
_________________________________________________________________
block4_pool (MaxPooling2D)   (None, 20, 20, 512)       0         
_________________________________________________________________
block5_conv1 (Conv2D)        (None, 20, 20, 512)       2359808   
_________________________________________________________________
block5_conv2 (Conv2D)        (None, 20, 20, 512)       2359808   
_________________________________________________________________
block5_conv3 (Conv2D)        (None, 20, 20, 512)       2359808   
_________________________________________________________________
block5_pool (MaxPooling2D)   (None, 10, 10, 512)       0         
=================================================================
Total params: 14,714,688
Trainable params: 14,714,688
Non-trainable params: 0
_________________________________________________________________

(3) Model construction

Build a model by joining the fully connected layer for this binary classification to conv_base.

from keras import models
from keras import layers

model = models.Sequential()
model.add(conv_base)
model.add(layers.Flatten())
model.add(layers.Dense(256, activation='relu'))
model.add(layers.Dense(1, activation='sigmoid'))

model.summary()

The following model structure is displayed.

Model: "sequential_1"
_________________________________________________________________
Layer (type)                 Output Shape              Param #   
=================================================================
vgg16 (Model)                (None, 10, 10, 512)       14714688  
_________________________________________________________________
flatten_1 (Flatten)          (None, 51200)             0         
_________________________________________________________________
dense_1 (Dense)              (None, 256)               13107456  
_________________________________________________________________
dense_2 (Dense)              (None, 1)                 257       
=================================================================
Total params: 27,822,401
Trainable params: 27,822,401
Non-trainable params: 0
_________________________________________________________________

(4) Check the number of weights that can be trained

# conv_Number of weights that can be trained before freezing the base
print('conv_Number of weights that can be trained before freezing the base:' ,len(model.trainable_weights))

When executed, the result "30" is displayed.

(5) Set only the weight of conv_base to untrainable and check the setting result.

# conv_Set only the base weight to be untrainable
conv_base.trainable = False

#Checking the number of weights that can be trained
print('conv_base Number of weights that can be trained in the frozen state:' ,len(model.trainable_weights))

When executed, the number of trainable weights will be changed to "4" and displayed. The model is trained in this setup state.

(5) Image tensorization and learning

Use the code below to do this.

from keras.preprocessing.image import ImageDataGenerator
from keras import optimizers

#Train data generator settings Inflated: Yes
train_datagen = ImageDataGenerator(
    rescale=1./255,
    rotation_range=40,
    width_shift_range=0.2,
    height_shift_range=0.2,
    shear_range=0.2,
    zoom_range=0.2,
    horizontal_flip=True,
    fill_mode='nearest')

#Generator settings for validation and test data Inflated: None\(The generator of validation data and test data is common)
test_datagen = ImageDataGenerator(rescale=1./255)

#Tensorization of train data
train_generator = train_datagen.flow_from_directory(
        # target directory
        train_dir,
        # size 320x320
        target_size=(320, 320),
        batch_size=20,
        #Binary as a loss function_Binary label required to use crossentropy
        class_mode='binary')

#Tensorization of validation data
validation_generator = test_datagen.flow_from_directory(
        validation_dir,
        target_size=(320, 320),
        batch_size=32,
        class_mode='binary')

#Compiling the model
model.compile(loss='binary_crossentropy',
              optimizer=optimizers.RMSprop(lr=2e-5),
              metrics=['acc'])

#Learning
history = model.fit_generator(
      train_generator,
      steps_per_epoch=100,
      epochs=30,
      validation_data=validation_generator,
      validation_steps=50,
      verbose=2)

Save the model after execution.

model.save('mydog_or_otherdogs_02a.h5')

(6) Execution result

--The graph of the training results is as follows. ――The shape of the graph has changed. The accuracy starts around 0.88 and improves from 0.93 to around 0.96. The loss starts around 0.3 and has been in the range of 0.1 to 0.2. There are some signs of improvement from overfitting.

--Next, we will verify the classification result of this model with test data. (See previous article for code) test loss: 0.274524162985399 test acc: 0.9333333373069763 --As a result of transfer learning, classification performance has improved. The accuracy exceeded 90% for the first time. ――In this trial, only the trained module of VGG16 was used for the convolution base, but the ability to extract the highly versatile local feature map obtained by training with ImageNet greatly contributes to the classification performance. You can see that it will be.

Step 5 Fine tuning with ImageNet model (VGG16)

(1) Outline of fine tuning

Fine tuning defrosts several output-side layers of the frozen convolution base used for feature extraction and trains on both the newly added part of the model (in this case the fully coupled classifier) and the thawed layers. It is a mechanism to do.

(2) Fine tuning implementation procedure

1. Add a custom network to the end of the trained base network

2. Freeze the base network
3. Learn the added part
4. Unzip some layers of the base network
5. Train the thawed layer and the added part at the same time

• Regarding the description of (1) and (2), the relevant part is quoted from "Deep Learning with Python and Keras" by Francois Chollet, translated by Quipe Co., Ltd., translated by Yusuke Negago, and published by Mynavi Publishing Co., Ltd.

(3) Setting of trainable weights

--The following code sets the weights that can be trained when performing fine tuning. --Set only three layers, block5_conv1, block5_conv2, and block5_conv3, to be trainable.

conv_base.trainable = True

set_trainable = False
for layer in conv_base.layers:
  if layer.name == 'block5_conv1':
    set_trainable = True
  if set_trainable:
    layer.trainable = True
  else:
    layer.trainable = False

(4) Execution of fine tuning

Let's learn with the following code.

#Select RMSprop as the optimizer and use a fairly low learning rate
#If the update value is large, it will damage the expressions of the three target layers of fine tuning.

model.compile(loss='binary_crossentropy',
              optimizer=optimizers.RMSprop(lr=1e-5),
              metrics=['acc'])

history = model.fit_generator(
      train_generator,
      steps_per_epoch=100,
      epochs=100,
      validation_data=validation_generator,
      validation_steps=50)

Save the model after training.

model.save('mydog_or_otherdogs_02b.h5')

(5) Result graph

The resulting graph is as follows: The following code smoothes the graph.

#Plot smoothing
def smooth_curve(points, factor=0.8):
    smoothed_points = []
    for point in points:
        if smoothed_points:
            previous = smoothed_points[-1]
            smoothed_points.append(previous * factor + point * (1 - factor))
        else:
            smoothed_points.append(point)
    return smoothed_points


plt.plot(epochs, smooth_curve(acc), 'bo', label='Smoothed training acc')
plt.plot(epochs, smooth_curve(val_acc), 'b', label='Smoothed validation acc')
plt.title('Training and validation accuracy')
plt.legend()

plt.figure()

plt.plot(epochs, smooth_curve(loss), 'bo', label='Smoothed training loss')
plt.plot(epochs, smooth_curve(val_loss), 'b', label='Smoothed validation loss')
plt.title('Training and validation loss')
plt.legend()

plt.show()

The graph is as follows. Looking at the validation status, it does not seem that the performance is improving as the number of epochs increases, but the accuracy is improved because the range of change in the graph is displayed in a narrower range than before. You can expect to be there.

(6) Apply the trained model to the test data to check the classification accuracy.

The verification results applied to the test data are as follows.

test loss: 0.5482699687112941 test acc: 0.9499999916553498

As a result of fine tuning, we were able to further improve the classification performance. I would like to implement various approaches that I have not tried yet to further improve the accuracy. In this verification, we will make a break so far.