Create a partition and then install the Raspberry Pi OS

In "USB boot with Raspberry Pi 4 Model B", write the image for microSD to USB mass storage as it is, and then resize the partition. The procedure is described. But the fact is, the USB mass storage only needs to have the system files in place, and you don't have to make an exact copy using the Raspberry Pi Imager or the dd command. Here are the steps to create a partition first and then copy the files.

Create partition

Check the partition of the installation image

You can find the partition of the Raspberry Pi OS (64bit) installation image with the gdisk command.

$ unzip 2020-08-20-raspios-buster-arm64.zip
$ gdisk -l 2020-08-20-raspios-buster-arm64.img
GPT fdisk (gdisk) version 1.0.5

Partition table scan:
  MBR: MBR only
  BSD: not present
  APM: not present
  GPT: not present


***************************************************************
Found invalid GPT and valid MBR; converting MBR to GPT format
in memory. 
***************************************************************
:
Number  Start (sector)    End (sector)  Size       Code  Name
   1            8192          532479   256.0 MiB   0700  Microsoft basic data
   2          532480         7380991   3.3 GiB     8300  Linux filesystem

You can see that the installation image is partitioned by MBR. The first partition is assigned to / boot and the second partition is assigned to/.

Create a partition

Create the following partition with the gdisk command.

$ sudo gdisk -l /dev/sdb
GPT fdisk (gdisk) version 1.0.5

Partition table scan:
  MBR: protective
  BSD: not present
  APM: not present
  GPT: present

Found valid GPT with protective MBR; using GPT.
:
Number  Start (sector)    End (sector)  Size       Code  Name
   1            2048          526335   256.0 MiB   0700  Microsoft basic data
   2          526336      5860533134   2.7 TiB     8300  Linux filesystem

I chose GPT because the USB mass storage capacity used was 3TB. If it's less than 2TB (and one sector is 512 bytes or less), the MBR should be fine. If the USB mass storage is HDD, you can create a swap partition here.

Partition format

Format / boot with vfat and / with ʻext4`.

$ sudo mkfs -t vfat /dev/sdb1
$ sudo mkfs -t ext4 /dev/sdb2

Copy file

Mount the installation image, USB mass storage and copy the contents.

$ mkdir img_boot img_root

#In the image/boot, /Assign partition to loop device
$ sudo losetup -Pr --show -f 2020-08-20-raspios-buster-arm64.img /dev/loop20
$ sudo mount /dev/loop20p1 img_boot
$ sudo mount /dev/loop20p2 img_root

#Mount USB mass storage partition to copy files
$ mkdir boot root
$ sudo mount /dev/sdb1 boot
$ sudo mount /dev/sdb2 root

#File copy
$ sudo cp -a img_boot/* boot/
$ sudo cp -a img_root/* root/

#Clean up the installation image
$ sudo umount img_boot img_root
$ sudo losetup -d /dev/loop20
$ rmdir img_boot img_root

setting change

Update the partition information for cmdline.txt and fstab.

#Check the PARTUUID of the partition
$ sudo blkid /dev/sdb?
/dev/sdb1: SEC_TYPE="msdos" UUID="C7EE-35DE" TYPE="vfat" PARTLABEL="Microsoft basic data" PARTUUID="09468d30-111e-4028-8f37-16f65e497c25"
/dev/sdb2: UUID="8aff8673-0851-45af-a8cd-8c31614b9632" TYPE="ext4" PARTLABEL="Linux filesystem" PARTUUID="9522d40d-e6df-422a-a5f6-26195aa7e074"

# root=PARTUUID=The value of above/dev/Rewrite to PARTUUID of sdb2
$ cat boot/cmdline.txt
console=serial0,115200 console=tty1 root=PARTUUID=9522d40d-e6df-422a-a5f6-26195aa7e074 rootfstype=ext4 elevator=deadline fsck.repair=yes rootwait quiet init=/usr/lib/raspi-config/init_resize.sh splash plymouth.ignore-serial-consoles

# /boot and/PARTUUID=To/dev/With sdb1/dev/Set the one for sdb2
#If you created other partitions such as swap, add them here
$ cat root/etc/fstab
proc            /proc           proc    defaults          0       0
PARTUUID=ee96d62f-2fe6-44c0-abcf-f70569772297  /boot           vfat    defaults          0       2
PARTUUID=035df15c-ccbe-45c0-9e9a-f97096bd3ee9  /               ext4    defaults,noatime  0       1

#Clean up
$ sudo umount boot root
$ rmdir boot root

All you have to do is connect this USB mass storage to your Raspberry Pi 4 and you're ready to go.

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