This article is a series of steps through Django's official tutorials. This time, we'll move on to the fifth article, "Creating your first Django app, part 5."
Django tutorial summary for beginners by beginners ① (project creation ~) Django tutorial summary for beginners by beginners ② (Model, Admin) Django tutorial summary for beginners by beginners ③ (View) Django tutorial summary for beginners by beginners ④ (Generic View) Django tutorial summary for beginners by beginners ⑤ (test) Django tutorial summary for beginners by beginners ⑥ (static file) Summary of Django tutorials for beginners by beginners ⑦ (Customize Admin)
https://docs.djangoproject.com/ja/3.0/intro/tutorial05/
python
>>> import datetime
>>> from django.utils import timezone
>>> from polls.models import Question
>>> # create a Question instance with pub_date 30 days in the future
>>> future_question = Question(pub_date=timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=30))
>>> # was it published recently?
>>> future_question.was_published_recently()
True
Obviously this is incorrect as future dates are not recent. Create a test for this.
By convention, tests are created in the test.py file within your application.
Any name that starts with test seems to be okay.
polls/tests.py
import datetime
from django.test import TestCase
from django.utils import timezone
from .models import Question
class QuestionModelTests(TestCase):
def test_was_published_recently_with_future_question(self):
"""
was_published_recently() returns False for questions whose pub_date
is in the future.
"""
time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=30)
future_question = Question(pub_date=time)
self.assertIs(future_question.was_published_recently(), False)
I'm writing a test in a subclass that inherits from django.test.TestCase.
We then verify that the output of the method was_published_recently () is False.
You can run the test by running the following command from the terminal.
$ python manage.py test polls
Then it will be executed as follows.
Creating test database for alias 'default'...
System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
F
======================================================================
FAIL: test_was_published_recently_with_future_question (polls.tests.QuestionModelTests)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/path/to/mysite/polls/tests.py", line 16, in test_was_published_recently_with_future_question
self.assertIs(future_question.was_published_recently(), False)
AssertionError: True is not False
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 1 test in 0.001s
FAILED (failures=1)
Destroying test database for alias 'default'...
Go back to the definition of was_published_recently and fix it
polls/models.py
def was_published_recently(self):
now = timezone.now()
return now - datetime.timedelta(days=1) <= self.pub_date <= now
Now run the test again.
Creating test database for alias 'default'...
System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 1 test in 0.001s
OK
Destroying test database for alias 'default'...
Set up a more comprehensive test for was_published_recently to prevent one bug from being crushed and a new one.
polls/tests.py
def test_was_published_recently_with_old_question(self):
"""
was_published_recently() returns False for questions whose pub_date
is older than 1 day.
"""
time = timezone.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=1, seconds=1)
old_question = Question(pub_date=time)
self.assertIs(old_question.was_published_recently(), False)
def test_was_published_recently_with_recent_question(self):
"""
was_published_recently() returns True for questions whose pub_date
is within the last day.
"""
time = timezone.now() - datetime.timedelta(hours=23, minutes=59, seconds=59)
recent_question = Question(pub_date=time)
self.assertIs(recent_question.was_published_recently(), True)
Django provides a Client that allows you to simulate user interaction at the view level. You can also use this in tests.py or in shell.
Is that
Set up a test environment with shell.
$ python manage.py shell
>>> from django.test.utils import setup_test_environment
>>> setup_test_environment()
Install the template renderer with setup_test_environment ().
This allows you to investigate some attributes on the response that could not be tested before (such as response.context).
>>> from django.test import Client
>>> # create an instance of the client for our use
>>> client = Client()
>>> # get a response from '/'
>>> response = client.get('/')
Not Found: /
>>> # we should expect a 404 from that address; if you instead see an
>>> # "Invalid HTTP_HOST header" error and a 400 response, you probably
>>> # omitted the setup_test_environment() call described earlier.
>>> response.status_code
404
>>> # on the other hand we should expect to find something at '/polls/'
>>> # we'll use 'reverse()' rather than a hardcoded URL
>>> from django.urls import reverse
>>> response = client.get(reverse('polls:index'))
>>> response.status_code
200
>>> response.content
b'\n <ul>\n \n <li><a href="/polls/1/">What's up?</a></li>\n \n </ul>\n\n'
>>> response.context['latest_question_list']
<QuerySet [<Question: What's up?>]>
Polls that haven't been published yet are now visible, so I'll fix them.
polls/views.py
from django.utils import timezone
def get_queryset(self):
"""
Return the last five published questions (not including those set to be
published in the future).
"""
return Question.objects.filter(
pub_date__lte=timezone.now()
).order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
The following page was useful for pub_date__lte.
Summary of how to use Django's QuerySet filter method
Write a test to see if this new implementation is working.
polls/tests.py
from django.urls import reverse
def create_question(question_text, days):
"""
Create a question with the given `question_text` and published the
given number of `days` offset to now (negative for questions published
in the past, positive for questions that have yet to be published).
"""
time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=days)
return Question.objects.create(question_text=question_text, pub_date=time)
class QuestionIndexViewTests(TestCase):
def test_no_questions(self):
"""
If no questions exist, an appropriate message is displayed.
"""
response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))
self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
self.assertContains(response, "No polls are available.")
self.assertQuerysetEqual(response.context['latest_question_list'], [])
def test_past_question(self):
"""
Questions with a pub_date in the past are displayed on the
index page.
"""
create_question(question_text="Past question.", days=-30)
response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))
self.assertQuerysetEqual(
response.context['latest_question_list'],
['<Question: Past question.>']
)
def test_future_question(self):
"""
Questions with a pub_date in the future aren't displayed on
the index page.
"""
create_question(question_text="Future question.", days=30)
response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))
self.assertContains(response, "No polls are available.")
self.assertQuerysetEqual(response.context['latest_question_list'], [])
def test_future_question_and_past_question(self):
"""
Even if both past and future questions exist, only past questions
are displayed.
"""
create_question(question_text="Past question.", days=-30)
create_question(question_text="Future question.", days=30)
response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))
self.assertQuerysetEqual(
response.context['latest_question_list'],
['<Question: Past question.>']
)
def test_two_past_questions(self):
"""
The questions index page may display multiple questions.
"""
create_question(question_text="Past question 1.", days=-30)
create_question(question_text="Past question 2.", days=-5)
response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))
self.assertQuerysetEqual(
response.context['latest_question_list'],
['<Question: Past question 2.>', '<Question: Past question 1.>']
)
create_question is a function that makes it easy to create a question.
test_no_questions does not create a Question and when the Question does not exist
-The message "No polls are available." Is displayed.
-The latest_question_list is empty
I'm checking.
The following tests are also tested to see if the situation is expected under certain conditions. (Well, testing is like that)
Information on other tests is summarized on the official page below. Testing in Django
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